Creams typically contain a higher oil phase, resulting in a richer texture and more occlusive finish. Lotions are lighter emulsions with lower oil content, designed for
easier spreadability and faster absorption.

A stable emulsion requires an emulsifier to combine oil and water phases, along with supporting ingredients such as fatty alcohols and appropriate preservation. The balance
between phases and structure is key to long-term stability.

Emulsifiers reduce the surface tension between oil and water, allowing them to form a stable, uniform system. This enables consistent texture, performance and product
stability.

Texture is influenced by the ratio of oil to water, the choice of emulsifier, and the use
of structuring agents such as fatty alcohols. Small adjustments can significantly change thickness, spreadability and skin feel.

Lightweight formulations typically use fast-absorbing emollients such as caprylic/capric
triglyceride or squalane, while richer systems may incorporate heavier oils to increase occlusion and nourishment.

A cream or lotion is made by combining separate oil and water phases using an
emulsifier, then adjusting structure, preservation and pH to create a stable and usable formulation.